Taken together, these results reveal insights into the injury response of M1 ipRGCs and oDSGCs, providing a foundation for future efforts seeking to restore visual system function following injury. Sub-topographic maps for regionally enhanced analysis of visual space in the mouse retina. Here we identify a novel marker for retinal ganglion cells encoding directional motion that is evolutionarily conserved in mice and rabbits, but not in primates. In particular, he is famous for his podcast, The Huberman Lab Podcast, at the current date. United States, Your source for the latest from the School of Engineering. The year has unleashed stresses few would have imagined just months ago, but the science of stress and of stress relief is keeping pace. The Appetizer: People seemed to enjoy my previous brief check-in segments with Mishka Shubaly and Nadia Bolz-Weber so I thought Id do it again. Here we show that nuclei of the ventral midline thalamus (vMT), the xiphoid nucleus (Xi) and nucleus reuniens (Re), represent crucial hubs in the network controlling behavioural responses to visual threats. Direction selective neurons have been identified in the retina, thalamus, and cortex of many species, but their homology has remained opaque. New episodes are released every Monday. (e.g., Huberman, Nature 2020; Laha and Huberman, Science, 2017; Lim et al., Nature Neuroscience, 2016).2) We are parsing the neural circuits for anxiety, and visually-driven autonomic arousal, (e.g., Salay et al., Nature, 2018; Yilmaz-Balban et al., Current Biology, 2021). Our most immediate reaction to stress, he notes, is for our pupils to dilate, which changes how we see the world literally in a way that allows us to better respond to threats. Our results demonstrate a wiring design, likely engaging homotypic axonal tiling of BCs, that ensures consistency in synaptic convergence between specific BC types onto their target RGCs while enabling independent regulation of pre- and postsynaptic territory sizes and synapse number between cell pairs. Hes developed and tested a number of stress-relieving techniques from specific patterns of breathing to visual tools and uses virtual reality to help humans control their stress in adaptive ways. These findings reveal that targeting of eye-specific axonal projections in the macaque occurs much earlier and more rapidly than previously reported. By combining a genetically encoded marker of a defined RGC subtype (OFF-RGCs) with serial immunoelectron microscopy, we resolved the ultrastructure of axon terminals fated for laminar stabilization versus those fated for removal. The general belief is that mice possess a relatively even topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)- the output neurons of the eye. There are many transgenic GFP reporter lines that allow the visualization of specific populations of cells. All rights reserved. Dr. Andrew Huberman is a neuroscientist at Stanford University as well as the person behind the Huberman Lab. Analysis of genetically labeled RGCs revealed that this regrowth can be target specific: RGC axons navigated back to their correct visual targets and avoided targets incorrect for their function. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.045, View details for Web of Science ID 000293433900008. The Xi projects to the basolateral amygdala to promote saliency-reducing responses to threats, such as freezing, whereas the Re projects to the medial prefrontal cortex (RemPFC) to promote saliency-enhancing, even confrontational responses to threats, such as tail rattling. 00:00:00 Dr. Anna Lembke . Highly structured retinal waves were first observed at E60, >1 week before the segregation of eye-specific retinal dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus projections commences. Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world, make decisions, and perform complex tasks. Furthermore, targeted ablation of a sparse population of cortico-fugal neurons that specifically project to the accessory optic system severely impairs OKR potentiation. Here, we report a remote, randomized, controlled study (NCT05304000) of three different daily 5-min breathwork exercises compared with an equivalent period of mindfulness meditation over 1month. Beyond providing a new set of tools for manipulation of gene expression selectively in GFP(+) cells, we found that GFP can be used to reconstitute the activity of a protein not known to have a modular structure, suggesting that this strategy might be applicable to a wide range of proteins. They are the "control panel" for the rest of it. And grateful for the practical tools graciously shared today. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.008, View details for Web of Science ID 000457345800003, View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.038, View details for Web of Science ID 000452295400006. B., Cepko, C. L. Wiring visual circuits, one eye at a time, Visual Cognition: Rats Compare Shapes Among the Crowd. Specifically, we find excessive eye-specific segregation of retinal axons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. These connections dictate the receptive field properties of individual visual neurons and ultimately determine the quality of visual perception. A., Josten, N., Yamada, J., Pan, F., Wu, S., Nguyen, P. L., Panagiotakos, G., Inoue, Y. U., Egusa, S. F., Volgyi, B., Inoue, T., Bloomfield, S. A., Barres, B. Correlated spontaneous activity in the form of retinal "waves" has been observed in a wide variety of developing animals, but whether retinal waves occur in the primate has not been determined previously. These recordings revealed that the fetal monkey retina is essentially silent at E51 and E55, with only few cells firing on rare occasions and without any obvious spatial or temporal order. Synaptic Convergence Patterns onto Retinal Ganglion Cells Are Preserved despite Topographic Variation in Pre- and Postsynaptic Territories. Adjustments in neural activity can drive cortical plasticity, but the underlying circuit components remain unclear. Transplantation and gene therapy may serve to replace or resurrect dead or injured retinal neurons. What if I told you that you actually have the power to change your brain and reprogram your perception, irrespective of age? Excitingly, much of that work includes causal testing of the role of specific cell types and circuits in visual perception and behavior-something rare to find in studies of the visual system of other species. Bjartmar, L., Huberman, A. D., Ullian, E. M., Renteria, R. C., Liu, X., Xu, W., Prezioso, J., Susman, M. W., Stellwagen, D., Stokes, C. C., Cho, R., Worley, P., Malenka, R. C., Ball, S., Peachey, N. S., Copenhagen, D., Chapman, B., Nakamoto, M., Barres, B. Huberman, A. D., Wei, W., Elstrott, J., Stafford, B. K., Feller, M. B., Barres, B. Also mentioned in this particular podcast (Tools for Managing Stress & Anxiety | Huberman Lab Podcast #10): The books (no specific book recommendation) of Robert Sapolsky (1:12:33) Additionally, the regenerative capacity of many RGC subtypes remains unknown in part due to a lack of available genetic tools. The primary endpoints are improvement in mood and anxiety as well as reduced physiological arousal (respiratory rate, heart rate, and heart rate variability). The direction and orientation selective neurons were enriched in regions that match the termination zones of direction selective ganglion cells from the retina, suggesting a source for their tuning. A dedicated set of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and brainstem visual nuclei termed the "accessory optic system" (AOS) generate slip-compensating eye movements that stabilize visual images on the retina and improve visual performance. Finally, OKR potentiation results from an enhanced drive exerted by the visual cortex onto the accessory optic system. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. A., Perin, M. S. Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the fetal macaque retina during development of retinogeniculate pathways. Neuronal C1q is normally downregulated in the adult CNS; however, in a mouse model of glaucoma, C1q becomes upregulated and synaptically relocalized in the adult retina early in the disease. Click to reveal Here we show that in the absence of contactin 4 (CNTN4) or one of its binding partners, amyloid precursor protein (APP), a subset of direction-selective RGCs fail to target the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT)--the accessory optic system (AOS) target controlling horizontal image stabilization. Moreover, the signals that direct mammalian RGC axons to their appropriate layer within those targets remain unknown. We have no more information about his spouse. An Unbiased View of Neural Networks: More than Meets the Eye. 475 Via Ortega Patterns of synaptic connections in the visual system are remarkably precise. Here, we review research on regeneration and repair of the optic system. These results provide important new insight into the mechanisms that drive eye-specific refinement and stabilization. His most recent video on the channel was named Supplements For Brain Health and Performance, which has recorded a great many perspectives at this point, in 2021. Enter Stanford neuroscientist Dr. Andrew Huberman. These findings provide functional evidence that classical cadherins promote mammalian CNS circuit development by ensuring that axons of specific cell types connect to their appropriate synaptic targets. Here, we compare two genetically identified populations of On-Off DSGCs: dopamine receptor 4 (DRD4)-DSGCs and thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR)-DSGCs. 1) We study neural regeneration with the goal of developing treatments to prevent and reverse vision loss. Skip to the content. Probing the role of retinorecipient target cells in visual circuit regeneration. The use of neurotropic viruses as transsynaptic tracers was first described in the 1960s, but only recently have such viruses gained popularity as a method for labeling neural circuits. By E84, segregation of left and right eye axons is essentially complete, and the six eye-specific domains that characterize the mature macaque dLGN are clearly discernable. I just see it as the science backing my favorite mantra mood follows action. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the neurons that connect the eyes to the brain, fail to regenerate after damage, eventually leading to blindness. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107776, View details for DOI 10.1038/d41586-020-03119-1. Accurate motion detection requires neural circuitry that compensates for global visual field motion. The observation that RGCs stratifying most of their dendrites in the Off sublamina are first to alter their structure may inform the development of new strategies to detect, monitor, and treat glaucoma in humans. The mammalian eye-to-brain pathway includes more than 20 parallel circuits, each consisting of precise long-range connections between specific sets of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and target structures in the brain. This suggests that each RGC subtype represents a unique parallel pathway whose synaptic specificity in the retina is recapitulated in central targets. He has made numerous important contributions to the . Moreover, because the retinofugal pathway is prone to degeneration in many common blinding diseases, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that establish connectivity early in life stands to provide valuable insights into approaches that re-wire this pathway after damage or loss. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.028, View details for Web of Science ID 000241799900006. The Down Syndrome Critical Region Regulates Retinogeniculate Refinement. Although Dscam is not the sole gene in the DSCR contributing to enhanced refinement in trisomy, Dscam dosage clearly regulates cell spacing and dendritic fasciculation in a specific class of retinal ganglion cells. Thus, there is increasing evidence that the mouse retina encodes visual space in a region-specific manner. Moreover, in Cdh6-deficient mice, the axons of Cdh3-RGCs fail to properly innervate their targets and instead project to other visual nuclei. They separated the sensory and motor networks and discovered that certain eye movements robustly suppress the amygdala. Likewise, Andrew has a self-named YouTube channel, where his analysis recordings and webcasts are transferred. Thus, achieving a detailed understanding of mouse visual circuit architecture is of paramount importance. We find that although both populations are tuned for posterior motion, they can be distinguished by a variety of physiological and anatomical criteria. 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