[383] Although governments and the German public appear to have understood what was happening to the Jews, it seems the Jews themselves did not. In a memorandum ten days after the invasion, "U odbilo idom! Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. We cannot use them in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either; liquidate them yourselves!" [312] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. [15] In 1968 the Library of Congress created a new category, "Holocaust, Jewish (19391945)". [455] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [250] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. [33] In contrast, according to historian Dan Stone, Hitler regarded the Jews as "a Gegenrasse: a 'counter-race' not really human at all". He viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine, said he was fighting against "Jewish Marxism", and believed that Jews had created communism as part of a conspiracy to destroy Germany. [263], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. [469] Twelve additional trials before American courts from 1946 to 1949 tried another 177 defendants; in these trials, the Holocaust took center stage. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. Explosives were used to reduce the time taken by digging. Estimates range from 1.5 to 3 million people having died at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, with the consensus being approximately 2 million. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. [53], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. In early 1943, new gas chambers and crematoria were built to accommodate the numbers. [85] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[4]. [185], Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and Hungary, regions along the coast were made part of Italy, Kosovo and western Macedonia were given to Albania, while Bulgaria received eastern Macedonia. [272] According to Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Hitler had trusted American Jews, whom he assumed were all-powerful, to keep the United States out of the war in the interests of German Jews. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. [478] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. [266] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. [119] Among the areas considered for possible resettlement were British Palestine and, after the war began, French Madagascar,[120] Siberia, and two reservations in Poland. [147] Nearly 1,000 were executed for having done so,[141] and Yad Vashem has named over 7,000 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations. [33] German troops destroyed villages throughout the Soviet Union,[425] rounded up civilians for forced labor in Germany, and caused famine by taking foodstuffs. * Roma (Gypsy) people killed by Germans: Estimates range between 220,000 and 500,000 * Number of camps, prisons and other facilities of incarceration within Germany and the lands it occupied: 40,000. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[273]. Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. [103] In August that year, Adolf Eichmann was appointed manager (under Franz Walter Stahlecker) of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien). [355] Three SS officers were killed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe. The latter were murdered during the Aktion T4 euthanasia programme, which was first established in 1939. [319] At least 1.4million of these were in the General Government area of Poland. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. [125], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. [3] Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism. Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be. When Discussing plans for a "final solution to the Jewish question" ("Endlsung der Judenfrage"), and a "final solution to the Jewish question in Europe" ("Endlsung der europischen Judenfrage"),[290] the conference was held to coordinate efforts and policies ("Parallelisierung der Linienfhrung"), and to ensure that authority rested with Heydrich. The latter two groups were to be sent to concentration camps for "re-education", with the aim of eventual absorption into the Volksgemeinschaft. [315] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[316] and in Yugoslavia. On 17 December 1942, 11 Allies issued the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations condemning the "bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination". [216], At first the Einsatzgruppen targeted the male Jewish intelligentsia, defined as male Jews aged 1560 who had worked for the state and in certain professions. NDH leader Ante Paveli and the Ustae accepted Nazi demands. [337] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2019. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. We must destroy the Jews, wherever we encounter them and whenever it is possible, in order to preserve the entire structure of the Reich. [130][m] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands. [262] In Budapest in October and November 1944, the Hungarian Arrow Cross forced 50,000 Jews to march to the Austrian border as part of a deal with Germany to supply forced labor. The second [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. [341] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[342]. There were also dedicated killing centers, where the deaths were estimated at 20,000, according to Georg Renno, deputy director of Schloss Hartheim, one of the euthanasia centers, or 400,000, according to Frank Zeireis, commandant of the Mauthausen concentration camp. [421] In countries allied to Germany, the state's control over its citizens, including the Jews, was seen as a matter of sovereignty. [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. [202] The point of the attacks was to destroy the local Communist Party leadership and therefore the state, including "Jews in the Party and State employment", and any "radical elements". [333] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. Grynszpan was handed over to the Germans and his fate is unknown. [172], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. [180] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed the idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[82] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. [69] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. [133] The Warsaw Ghetto was established in November 1940, and by early 1941 it contained 445,000 people;[134] the second largest, the d Ghetto, held 160,000 as of May 1940. [444], Historians estimate that Germany and its allies killed between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma, around 2550 percent of the community in Europe. So many died that the marches were stopped. WebBefore the Nazi takeover of powerin 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. A range of methods were used, with [i] In total, 165,200 German Jews were murdered. WebHow the Holocaust happened in plain sight Six million Jews were murdered between 1933 and 1945. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. [4] By the spring or summer of 1942, gas chambers had been installed in these new facilities, except for Chemno, which used gas vans. [356] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. Still, in the meantime, they would be concentrated in major cities ghettos to achieve, according to an order from Reinhard Heydrich dated 21 September 1939, "a better possibility of control and later deportation". According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. Davar and later Haaretz both used the term in September 1939. [432], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners [354] On 7 October 1944, 300 Jewish members, mostly Greek or Hungarian, of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz learned they were about to be killed, and staged an uprising, blowing up crematorium IV. [200], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. [343] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. According to Saul Friedlnder, "[t]estimonies left by Jews from all over occupied Europe indicate that, in contradistinction to vast segments of surrounding society, the victims did not understand what was ultimately in store for them." Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five [224], Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents. [104] Sigmund Freud and his family arrived in London from Vienna in June 1938, thanks to what David Cesarani called "Herculean efforts" to get them out. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. [442] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. [468], During the International Military Tribunal, 21 Nazi leaders were tried, primarily for waging wars of aggression, but the trial also exposed the systematic murder of European Jews. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. [358], Estimates of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000. [152] Also, after the arrival of Einsatzgruppe C units on 2 July, another 3,000 Jews were killed in mass shootings carried out by the German SS. [265] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 were murdered. [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. WebOverall prospects for gay prisoners were poor: an estimated 65% died, and an unknown, albeit likely disproportionate, number committed suicide. [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma. [194], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". The death rates decreased when the POWs were [477] In 2013 Germany agreed to provide 772million to fund nursing care, social services, and medication for 56,000 Holocaust survivors around the world. But, tragically, gay Holocaust [144] The Germans ordered the death penalty for anyone helping Jews. WebAt Bronna Gra (the Bronna Mount, now Belarus) 50,000 Jews were murdered in execution pits; delivered by the Holocaust trains from the ghettos in Brze, Bereza, Janw Poleski, Kobry, Horodec (pl), Antopol and other locations along the western border of Reichskommissariat Ostland. Jews were forced out of their jobs and had to register with the government. "[219], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. [257], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". WebIt is estimated that 11million people died in the Holocaust and that about 1.1million of those were children. [21], Holocaust historians commonly define the Holocaust as the genocide of the European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. The damage was estimated at 39million Reichsmark. Works by Jewish composers,[71] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. This perception contributed to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism. [123], Between 2.7 and 3million Polish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, out of a population of 3.33.5 million. [118], Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry. According to Hayes, dealers in currency and jewellery set up shop outside the Treblinka extermination camp (near Warsaw) in 19421943, as did prostitutes. [472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. [347] The Germans said that 14,000 Jews had been killed7000 during the fighting and 7000 sent to Treblinka[348]and between 53,000[349] and 56,000 deported. [237], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. [252] Within the city of Odessa, Jews were segregated to ghettos where they were later deported en masse, with the majority dying from disease, hunger and murder. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. 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